如何写一个读写分离中间件

公司 DBA 一直埋怨 Atlas 的难用,希望从客户端层出一个读写分离的方案。开源市场上在客户端做读写分离的开源软件基本上没有。业务方利用 Spring 自带的路由数据源能实现部分读写分离的功能,但是功能不够完善。部分参考 Sharing-JDBC 源码思想,利用部分业余时间,写了这个 Robustdb,总共只使用了十多个类,两千多行代码左右。

一、背景

随着业务量的增长,所有公司都不是直接选择分库分表设计方案的。很长一段时间内,会采用 库垂直拆分和分区表 来解决库表数据量比较大的问题,采用读写分离来解决访问压力比较大的问题。我们公司也是一样。目前绝大部分业务还是使用读写分离的方案。我相信很多公司和我们公司的架构一样,采用中间代理层做读写分离。结构如下:

第一层是 VIP 曾。通过 VIP 做中间映射层,避免了应用绑定数据库的真实 IP,这样在数据库故障时,可以通过 VIP 飘移来将流量打到另一个库。但是 VIP 无法跨机房,为未来的异地多活设计埋下绕不过去的坎。

VIP 下面一层是读写分离代理,我们公司使用的是 360 的 Atlas。Atlas 通过将 SQL 解析为 DML(Data Modify Language)和 DQL(Data Query Language),DML 的请求全部发到主库,DQL 根据配置比例分发到读库(读库包括主库和从库)。

使用 Atlas 有以下不足:

基于 Atlas 以上问题,以及我们需要将数据库账号和连接配置集中管控。我们设计了下面这套方案:

通过在客户端做读写分离可以解决 Atlas 上面存在的不足。整个流程如下图所示:

二、Robustdb 原理

1. 读写分离设计核心点——路由

支持每条 SQL 按照 DML、DQL 类型的默认路由。

需求描述

目前公司采用读写分离的方案来增强数据库的性能,所有的 DML(insert、updata、delete)操作在主库,通过 MySQL 的 binlog 同步,将数据同步到多个读库。所有的 DQL(select) 操作主库或从库,从而增强数据的读能力。

支持方法级别的指定路由

需求描述

在 Service 中指定方法中所有 DB 操作方法操作同一个数据库(主要是主库),保证方法中的 DB 读写都操作主库,避免数据同步延迟导致读从库数据异常。从而保证整个方法的事务属性。

解决思路

我们将获取真实数据库(主库还是哪个从库)放到需要建立连接时的地方,为此我们创建了 BackendConnection(传统是先连接数据库,然后再创建连接)。

在获取数据库连接时,通过对请求的 SQL 进行解析和类型判别,识别为 DML 和 DQL。如果是 DML,则在线程的单 SQL 线程本地变量上设置为 master,DQL 则设置为 slave,为后续选择数据库提供选择参考。

如果要支持方法级别的事务(也就是整个方法的 SQL 请求都发送到主库),需要借助拦截器,我们采用的是 AspectJ 方式的拦截器。会拦截所有带有类型为 dataSourceType 的 annotation 的方法。在执行方法前,在线程的多 SQL 线程本地变量上设置 dataSourceType 的 name 值(name 值为 master 代表走主库,name 值为 slave 代表走从库)。线程的多 SQL 线程本地变量为后续选择数据库提供选择参考。在方法执行完后,清理本地线程变量。

多 SQL 线程本地变量的优先级高于单 SQL 线程本地变量的优先级。

注意点

本地线程变量要使用阿里包装的 Ttl,防止用户在方法内部启动线程池,导致普通的线程本地变量丢失,从而导致选库异常。

使用 Ttl 之后,需要在公司的 JVM 启动参数中增加

-javaagent:/{Path}/transmittable-thread-local-2.6.0-SNAPSHOT.jar

原理就是在 JVM 启动时,加载 transmittable-thread-local 中的类替换逻辑,将以后的 Runnable、Callable、ExecuteService 等线程池相关类替换成增强后的 TtlRunnable、TtlCallable、TtlExecuteService 等。

下面展示一下时序图中类的核心代码,仅供参考:

DataSoueceAspect

@Aspect
@Component
public class DataSourceAspect{
    @Around("execution(* *(..)) && @annotation(dataSourceType)")
    public Object aroundMethod(ProceedingJoinPoint pjd, DataSourceType dataSourceType) throws Throwable {      DataSourceContextHolder.setMultiSqlDataSourceType(dataSourceType.name());
        Object result = pjd.proceed();
        DataSourceContextHolder.clearMultiSqlDataSourceType();
        return result;
    }
}

BackendConnection

public final class BackendConnection extends AbstractConnectionAdapter {

    private AbstractRoutingDataSource abstractRoutingDataSource;

    
    private final Map<String, Connection> connectionMap = new HashMap<String, Connection>();

    
    public BackendConnection(AbstractRoutingDataSource abstractRoutingDataSource) {
        this.abstractRoutingDataSource = abstractRoutingDataSource;
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) throws SQLException {
        return getConnectionInternal(sql).prepareStatement(sql);
    }

    @Override
    public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
        if(connectionMap == null || connectionMap.isEmpty()){
            return abstractRoutingDataSource.getResolvedDefaultDataSource().getConnection().getMetaData();
        }
        return fetchCachedConnection(connectionMap.keySet().iterator().next().toString()).get().getMetaData();
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency)
            throws SQLException {
        return getConnectionInternal(sql).prepareStatement(sql,resultSetType,resultSetConcurrency);
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency,
            int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException {
        return getConnectionInternal(sql).prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, resultSetHoldability);
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int autoGeneratedKeys) throws SQLException {
        return getConnectionInternal(sql).prepareStatement(sql, autoGeneratedKeys);
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int[] columnIndexes) throws SQLException {
        return getConnectionInternal(sql).prepareStatement(sql, columnIndexes);
    }

    @Override
    public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, String[] columnNames) throws SQLException {
        return getConnectionInternal(sql).prepareStatement(sql, columnNames);
    }

    @Override
    protected Collection<Connection> getConnections() {
        return connectionMap.values();
    }

    





    private Connection getConnectionInternal(final String sql) throws SQLException {
        
        if (ExecutionEventUtil.isDML(sql)) {
            DataSourceContextHolder.setSingleSqlDataSourceType(DataSourceType.MASTER);
        } else if (ExecutionEventUtil.isDQL(sql)) {
            DataSourceContextHolder.setSingleSqlDataSourceType(DataSourceType.SLAVE);
        }
        
        Object dataSourceKey = abstractRoutingDataSource.determineCurrentLookupKey();
        String dataSourceName = dataSourceKey.toString();

        
        Optional<Connection> connectionOptional = fetchCachedConnection(dataSourceName);
        if (connectionOptional.isPresent()) {
            return connectionOptional.get();
        }
        
        Connection connection = abstractRoutingDataSource.getTargetDataSource(dataSourceKey).getConnection();
        connection.setAutoCommit(super.getAutoCommit());
        connection.setTransactionIsolation(super.getTransactionIsolation());

        connectionMap.put(dataSourceKey.toString(), connection);

        return connection;
    }

    




    private Optional<Connection> fetchCachedConnection(final String dataSourceName) {
        if (connectionMap.containsKey(dataSourceName)) {
            return Optional.of(connectionMap.get(dataSourceName));
        }
        return Optional.absent();
    }

}

AbstractRoutingDataSource







public abstract class AbstractRoutingDataSource extends AbstractDataSource {

    private boolean lenientFallback = true;
    private Map<Object, Object> targetDataSources;
    private Object defaultTargetDataSource;
    private Map<Object, DataSource> resolvedDataSources = new HashMap<Object, DataSource>();
    private DataSource resolvedDefaultDataSource;
    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractRoutingDataSource.class);

    public BackendConnection getConnection() throws SQLException {
        return new BackendConnection(this);
    }

    public BackendConnection getConnection(String username, String password)
            throws SQLException {
        return new BackendConnection(this);
    }

    public void afterPropertiesSet() {
        if (this.targetDataSources == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Property 'targetDataSources' is required");
        }
        this.resolvedDataSources = new HashMap<Object, DataSource>(this.targetDataSources.size());
        for (Map.Entry entry : this.targetDataSources.entrySet()) {
            Object lookupKey = resolveSpecifiedLookupKey(entry.getKey());
            DataSource dataSource = resolveSpecifiedDataSource(entry.getValue());
            this.resolvedDataSources.put(lookupKey, dataSource);
        }
        if (this.defaultTargetDataSource != null) {
            this.resolvedDefaultDataSource = resolveSpecifiedDataSource(this.defaultTargetDataSource);
        }
    }

    public void putNewDataSource(Object key, DataSource dataSource){
        if(this.resolvedDataSources == null){
            this.resolvedDataSources = new HashMap<Object, DataSource>();
        }
        if(this.resolvedDataSources.containsKey(key)){
            this.resolvedDataSources.remove(key);
            logger.info("remove old key:" + key);
        }
        logger.info("add key:" + key + ", value=" + dataSource);
        this.resolvedDataSources.put(key, dataSource);
    }

    


    public DataSource determineTargetDataSource() {
        Assert.notNull(this.resolvedDataSources, "DataSource router not initialized");

        Object lookupKey = determineCurrentLookupKey();
        DataSourceContextHolder.clearSingleSqlDataSourceType();

        int index = 0;
        for (Entry<Object, DataSource> element : resolvedDataSources.entrySet()) {
            logger.debug("myAbstractDS, index:" + index + ", key:" + element.getKey() + ", value:" + element.getValue().toString());
            index++;
        }
        DataSource dataSource = this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey);
        if (dataSource == null && (this.lenientFallback || lookupKey == null)) {
            dataSource = this.resolvedDefaultDataSource;
        }
        if (dataSource == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot determine target DataSource for lookup key [" + lookupKey + "]");
        }
        logger.debug("myAbstractDS, hit DS is " + dataSource.toString());
        return dataSource;
    }

    public DataSource getTargetDataSource(Object lookupKey) {
        Assert.notNull(this.resolvedDataSources, "DataSource router not initialized");

        if(lookupKey == null){
            lookupKey = determineCurrentLookupKey();
        }
        DataSourceContextHolder.clearSingleSqlDataSourceType();

        int index = 0;
        for (Entry<Object, DataSource> element : resolvedDataSources.entrySet()) {
            logger.debug("myAbstractDS, index:" + index + ", key:" + element.getKey() + ", value:" + element.getValue().toString());
            index++;
        }
        DataSource dataSource = this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey);
        if (dataSource == null && (this.lenientFallback || lookupKey == null)) {
            dataSource = this.resolvedDefaultDataSource;
        }
        if (dataSource == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot determine target DataSource for lookup key [" + lookupKey + "]");
        }
        logger.debug("myAbstractDS, hit DS is " + dataSource.toString());
        return dataSource;
    }

    public abstract Object determineCurrentLookupKey();
    public abstract Object getCurrentSlaveKey();

    @Override
    public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException {
        return (iface.isInstance(this) || determineTargetDataSource().isWrapperFor(iface));
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException {
        if (iface.isInstance(this)){
            return (T) this;
        }
        return determineTargetDataSource().unwrap(iface);
    }

    protected Object resolveSpecifiedLookupKey(Object lookupKey) {
        return lookupKey;
    }

    protected DataSource resolveSpecifiedDataSource(Object dataSource) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        if (dataSource instanceof DataSource) {
            return (DataSource) dataSource;
        }
        else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Illegal data source value - only [javax.sql.DataSource] and String supported: " + dataSource);
        }
    }
    
}

AbstractRoutingDataSource







public abstract class AbstractRoutingDataSource extends AbstractDataSource {

    private boolean lenientFallback = true;
    private Map<Object, Object> targetDataSources;
    private Object defaultTargetDataSource;
    private Map<Object, DataSource> resolvedDataSources = new HashMap<Object, DataSource>();
    private DataSource resolvedDefaultDataSource;
    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractRoutingDataSource.class);

    public BackendConnection getConnection() throws SQLException {
        return new BackendConnection(this);
    }

    public BackendConnection getConnection(String username, String password)
            throws SQLException {
        return new BackendConnection(this);
    }

    public void afterPropertiesSet() {
        if (this.targetDataSources == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Property 'targetDataSources' is required");
        }
        this.resolvedDataSources = new HashMap<Object, DataSource>(this.targetDataSources.size());
        for (Map.Entry entry : this.targetDataSources.entrySet()) {
            Object lookupKey = resolveSpecifiedLookupKey(entry.getKey());
            DataSource dataSource = resolveSpecifiedDataSource(entry.getValue());
            this.resolvedDataSources.put(lookupKey, dataSource);
        }
        if (this.defaultTargetDataSource != null) {
            this.resolvedDefaultDataSource = resolveSpecifiedDataSource(this.defaultTargetDataSource);
        }
    }

    public void putNewDataSource(Object key, DataSource dataSource){
        if(this.resolvedDataSources == null){
            this.resolvedDataSources = new HashMap<Object, DataSource>();
        }
        if(this.resolvedDataSources.containsKey(key)){
            this.resolvedDataSources.remove(key);
            logger.info("remove old key:" + key);
        }
        logger.info("add key:" + key + ", value=" + dataSource);
        this.resolvedDataSources.put(key, dataSource);
    }

    


    public DataSource determineTargetDataSource() {
        Assert.notNull(this.resolvedDataSources, "DataSource router not initialized");

        Object lookupKey = determineCurrentLookupKey();
        DataSourceContextHolder.clearSingleSqlDataSourceType();

        int index = 0;
        for (Entry<Object, DataSource> element : resolvedDataSources.entrySet()) {
            logger.debug("myAbstractDS, index:" + index + ", key:" + element.getKey() + ", value:" + element.getValue().toString());
            index++;
        }
        DataSource dataSource = this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey);
        if (dataSource == null && (this.lenientFallback || lookupKey == null)) {
            dataSource = this.resolvedDefaultDataSource;
        }
        if (dataSource == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot determine target DataSource for lookup key [" + lookupKey + "]");
        }
        logger.debug("myAbstractDS, hit DS is " + dataSource.toString());
        return dataSource;
    }

    public DataSource getTargetDataSource(Object lookupKey) {
        Assert.notNull(this.resolvedDataSources, "DataSource router not initialized");

        if(lookupKey == null){
            lookupKey = determineCurrentLookupKey();
        }
        DataSourceContextHolder.clearSingleSqlDataSourceType();

        int index = 0;
        for (Entry<Object, DataSource> element : resolvedDataSources.entrySet()) {
            logger.debug("myAbstractDS, index:" + index + ", key:" + element.getKey() + ", value:" + element.getValue().toString());
            index++;
        }
        DataSource dataSource = this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey);
        if (dataSource == null && (this.lenientFallback || lookupKey == null)) {
            dataSource = this.resolvedDefaultDataSource;
        }
        if (dataSource == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot determine target DataSource for lookup key [" + lookupKey + "]");
        }
        logger.debug("myAbstractDS, hit DS is " + dataSource.toString());
        return dataSource;
    }

    public abstract Object determineCurrentLookupKey();
    public abstract Object getCurrentSlaveKey();

    @Override
    public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException {
        return (iface.isInstance(this) || determineTargetDataSource().isWrapperFor(iface));
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException {
        if (iface.isInstance(this)){
            return (T) this;
        }
        return determineTargetDataSource().unwrap(iface);
    }

    protected Object resolveSpecifiedLookupKey(Object lookupKey) {
        return lookupKey;
    }

    protected DataSource resolveSpecifiedDataSource(Object dataSource) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        if (dataSource instanceof DataSource) {
            return (DataSource) dataSource;
        }
        else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Illegal data source value - only [javax.sql.DataSource] and String supported: " + dataSource);
        }
    }
    
}

DataSourceContextHolder

public class DataSourceContextHolder {

    private static final TransmittableThreadLocal<String> singleSqlContextHolder = new TransmittableThreadLocal<String>();
    private static final TransmittableThreadLocal<String> multiSqlContextHolder = new TransmittableThreadLocal<String>();

    





    public static void setSingleSqlDataSourceType(String dataSourceType) {
        singleSqlContextHolder.set(dataSourceType);
    }

    





    public static String getSingleSqlDataSourceType() {
        return singleSqlContextHolder.get();
    }

    





    public static void clearSingleSqlDataSourceType() {
        singleSqlContextHolder.remove();
    }

    





    public static void setMultiSqlDataSourceType(String dataSourceType) {
        multiSqlContextHolder.set(dataSourceType);
    }

    





    public static String getMultiSqlDataSourceType() {
        return multiSqlContextHolder.get();
    }

    





    public static void clearMultiSqlDataSourceType() {
        multiSqlContextHolder.remove();
    }

    




    public static boolean isSlave() {
        return "slave".equals(multiSqlContextHolder.get()) || (multiSqlContextHolder.get()==null && "slave".equals(singleSqlContextHolder.get())) ;
    }  
}

DynamicDataSource

public class DynamicDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource implements InitializingBean{  

    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DynamicDataSource.class); 
    private Integer slaveCount = 0;  

    
    private AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(-1); 

    
    private List<Object> slaveDataSources = new ArrayList<Object>(0); 

    
    private  Map<Object,Integer>  slaveDataSourcesWeight;

    private Object currentSlaveKey;
    
    public DynamicDataSource() {
        super();
    }

    





    public DynamicDataSource(Object defaultTargetDataSource, Map<Object,Object> targetDataSources, Map<Object,Integer> slaveDataSourcesWeight) {
        this.setResolvedDataSources(new HashMap<Object, DataSource>(targetDataSources.size()));
        for (Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry : targetDataSources.entrySet()) {
            DataSource dataSource = resolveSpecifiedDataSource(entry.getValue());
            this.putNewDataSource(entry.getKey(), dataSource);
        }
        if (defaultTargetDataSource != null) {
            this.setResolvedDefaultDataSource(resolveSpecifiedDataSource(defaultTargetDataSource));
        }
        this.setSlaveDataSourcesWeight(slaveDataSourcesWeight);
        this.afterPropertiesSet();
    }

    @Override  
    public Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {  
        
        if (DataSourceContextHolder.isSlave()) {  
            currentSlaveKey = getSlaveKey();  
            return currentSlaveKey;  
        }  
        
        Object key = "master";  
        return key;  
    }  

    @Override  
    public void afterPropertiesSet() {  
        try {  
            super.afterPropertiesSet();
            Map<Object, DataSource> resolvedDataSources = this.getResolvedDataSources();  
            
            slaveDataSources.clear();
            slaveCount = 0;
            for (Map.Entry<Object, DataSource> entry : resolvedDataSources.entrySet()) { 
                if(slaveDataSourcesWeight.get(entry.getKey())==null){
                    continue;
                }
                for(int i=0; i<slaveDataSourcesWeight.get(entry.getKey());i++){
                    slaveDataSources.add(entry.getKey());  
                    slaveCount++;
                } 
            }  
        } catch (Exception e) {  
            logger.error("afterPropertiesSet error! ", e);  
        }  
    }  

    



  
    public Object getSlaveKey() {  
        if(slaveCount <= 0 || slaveDataSources == null || slaveDataSources.size() <= 0){
            return null;
        }
        Integer index = counter.incrementAndGet() % slaveCount;  
        if (counter.get() > 9999) { 
            counter.set(-1); 
        }  
        return slaveDataSources.get(index);  
    }

    public Map<Object, Integer> getSlaveDataSourcesWeight() {
        return slaveDataSourcesWeight;
    }

    public void setSlaveDataSourcesWeight(Map<Object, Integer> slaveDataSourcesWeight) {
        this.slaveDataSourcesWeight = slaveDataSourcesWeight;
    }

    public Object getCurrentSlaveKey() {
        return currentSlaveKey;
    }
}

2、读库流量分配策略设计

我们所有的数据库连接都是管控起来的,包括每个库的流量配置都是支持动态分配的。

支持读库按不同比例承接读请求。通过配置页面动态调整应用的数据库连接以及比例,支持随机或者顺序的方式将流量分配到相应的读库中去。

这里我们使用的配置管理下发中心是我们公司自己开发的 gconfig,当然替换成开源的 diamond 或者 applo 也是可以的。

当接收到配管中心的调整指令,会动态更新应用数据源连接,然后更新 beanFactory 中的 datasource。核心函数如下:





public void refreshDataSource(String properties) {
    YamlDynamicDataSource dataSource;
    try {
        dataSource = new YamlDynamicDataSource(properties);
    } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("convert datasource config failed!");
    }

    
    if (dataSource == null && dataSource.getResolvedDataSources() == null
            || dataSource.getResolvedDefaultDataSource() == null || dataSource.getSlaveDataSourcesWeight() == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("datasource config error!");
    }
    ConcurrentHashMap<Object, DataSource> newDataSource = new ConcurrentHashMap<Object, DataSource>(
            dataSource.getResolvedDataSources());

    
    DynamicDataSource dynamicDataSource = (DynamicDataSource) ((DefaultListableBeanFactory) beanFactory)
            .getBean(dataSourceName);
    dynamicDataSource.setResolvedDefaultDataSource(dataSource.getResolvedDefaultDataSource());
    dynamicDataSource.setResolvedDataSources(new HashMap<Object, DataSource>());
    for (Entry<Object, DataSource> element : newDataSource.entrySet()) {
        dynamicDataSource.putNewDataSource(element.getKey(), element.getValue());
    }
    dynamicDataSource.setSlaveDataSourcesWeight(dataSource.getSlaveDataSourcesWeight());
    dynamicDataSource.afterPropertiesSet();

}

三、性能

我们经过性能测试,发现 Robustdb 的性能在一定层度上比 Atlas 性能更好。压测结果如下:

参考

转自:彦帧,

链接:jianshu.com/p/549d88222528

- EOF -

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